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	<title>Runtux Blog &#187; licensing</title>
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	<description>Neues, Interessantes, Skurriles</description>
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		<title>Ning eliminates free networks</title>
		<link>http://blog.runtux.com/2010/04/19/163/</link>
		<comments>http://blog.runtux.com/2010/04/19/163/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Apr 2010 15:21:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ralf Schlatterbeck</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[english]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[licensing]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.runtux.com/?p=163</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[That Ning now no longer supports free networks has been compared to blackmailing by some.
I also think so. But to be blackmailed there are two factors:

somebody who wants to blackmail others
a willing victim to go into the trap

You have the choice: Only use a service which at least provides a way to get your data [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>That <a href="http://www.ning.com/">Ning</a> now <a href="http://blog.ning.com/2010/04/an-update-from-ning.html">no longer supports free networks</a> has been compared to blackmailing by some.<br />
I also think so. But to be blackmailed there are two factors:
<ul class="simple">
<li>somebody who wants to blackmail others</li>
<li>a willing victim to go into the trap</li>
</ul>
<p>You have the choice: Only use a service which at least provides a way to get your data out. (To be fair, it seems Ning will be offering this according to the blog entry cited above, but the details are still unclear)<br />
But: The data alone is nothing without the software. So you need a service where you can export the data <em>and</em> have open source software available to do something with the extracted data. But the first part is the crucial one: If you have only the data, software can be written&#8230;<br />
I&#8217;ve written <a href="http://blog.runtux.com/2009/08/04/106/">earlier</a> in this blog (and talked <a href="http://blog.runtux.com/2009/11/03/148/">@Manchester</a>) about the problem of vendor lock-in in &#8220;cloud computing&#8221; which is almost the same as &#8220;web 2.0 services&#8221;, namely <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service">software as a service</a> (SAAS). Ning falls into that category as do other social network services like facebook or Xing.<br />
This boils down to what the <a href="http://www.opencloudinitiative.org/">open cloud initiative</a> has defined as <a href="http://www.opencloudinitiative.org/node/27">cloud computing openness</a>: For open content you ideally want to go for a free cloud with open APIs, open formats, open source (software), and open data.<br />
Note that facebook is no alternative to ning: People have been thrown off facebook for retrieving their data, cited in <a href="http://blogs.sun.com/bblfish/entry/scoble_gets_thrown_off_facebook">these</a> <a href="http://blogs.sun.com/bblfish/entry/data_portability_scoble_explains">two</a> entries on Henry Story&#8217;s blog.<br />
But the choice has to be made by customers (or non-paying users) of these services: Don&#8217;t use something where you lock in your data. Or your data might be at risk, or locked in, or dead.<br />
Doc Searls, co-Author of Cluetrain Manifesto and Editor of Linux Journal has written about this in a blog entry called <a href="http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/doc/2009/05/01/silos-end/">Silos End</a>: &#8220;These problems cannot be solved by the companies themselves. Companies make silos. It&#8217;s as simple as that. Left to their own devices, that&#8217;s what they do. Over and over and over again.&#8221;<br />
Ideally there would be a standardized service and hosters agree to use the same software (maybe customized in the appearance) to host services for users. A hosting standard for collaboration software. Starting with the services Facebook, Xing, etc. are offering today. We want an interchange format that everybody can use, export, import.<br />
I think a standard for these types of services will leave us with a network of hosters. This &#8212; in comparison to the status quo today &#8212; will be a distributed system, maybe a peer-to-peer system, not some big players locking in users. A common standard will hopefully keep the players honest.<br />
To get there: Lets try to evaluate replacement software for Ning. Work on interchange formats. A suitable format for contact information is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOAF_(software)">Friend of a Friend</a> (FOAF) format endorsed by the <a href="http://www.w3.org/">W3C</a>, this is part of the <a href="http://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/">semantic web</a> effort.<br />
One software that comes close to this goal might be <a href="http://elgg.org/">elgg</a> &#8212; I&#8217;ve not tried it myself, but there is already a group of <a href="http://elgg.org/services.php">Elgg Service Providers</a> which comes close to the goal of a support infrastructure built around an open source project.<br />
I&#8217;ve two points of critique, one of them being more personal taste, the other related to the license. The first is that the software is in PHP. The license is the <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html">GNU General Public License</a> which offers no protection against a service provider making own modifications to the hosted software and <em>not</em> releasing these modifications as open source software. Details are in my <a href="http://blog.runtux.com/2009/08/04/106/">earlier</a> article on the subject. So far, the team of elgg seems to play the game very open. The Source code with (yet) unrelease modifications to the software is freely accessible as a <a href="http://subversion.tigris.org/">subversion</a> software repository. Furthermore they offer <a href="http://elgg.org/download/nightly/">nightly builds</a> for download.<br />
There are many other good points, too: It offers syndication with RSS and JSON, and has an API to interconnect with software running elsewhere &#8212; which are the basic ingredients for a distributed system. The API is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer">Representational State Transfer</a> (REST) that happens to be the same mechanism on which the semantic web can be built.<br />
So lets take some steps in the direction of a system built on standardized components where no vendor can lock us in.<br />
When we get there, we&#8217;ve left Web 2.0 behind. The future is a distributed system, lets call it Web 3.0.</p>
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		<title>Media Ecologies Conference</title>
		<link>http://blog.runtux.com/2009/11/03/148/</link>
		<comments>http://blog.runtux.com/2009/11/03/148/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 03 Nov 2009 12:05:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ralf Schlatterbeck</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[documentation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[english]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[licensing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[neu]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.runtux.com/?p=148</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I&#8217;m currently at the media ecologies conference in manchester, UK. I was just talking about what tools and interfaces we need for collaboration tools (on the web). This also rehashes some of the ideas in my blog entry on cloud computing and the problems with (lack of) openness of cloud applications. The slides of my [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I&#8217;m currently at the <a href="http://www.espach.salford.ac.uk/sssi/p2p/">media ecologies conference</a> in manchester, UK. I was just talking about what tools and interfaces we need for collaboration tools (on the web). This also rehashes some of the ideas in my <a href="http://blog.runtux.com/2009/08/04/106/">blog entry on cloud computing</a> and the problems with (lack of) openness of cloud applications. The slides of my talk can be downloaded from <a href="http://runtux.com/files/download/manchester.4.pdf">my website</a>.</p>
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		<title>Did Ronja Fail?</title>
		<link>http://blog.runtux.com/2009/10/27/142/</link>
		<comments>http://blog.runtux.com/2009/10/27/142/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 27 Oct 2009 17:30:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ralf Schlatterbeck</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[documentation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[english]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[licensing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[open hardware]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.runtux.com/?p=142</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Ronja, the optical data link device, is often cited as a failed open source hardware project &#8212; the last one mentioning it I just read is Lawrence Kincheloe&#8217;s excellent essay Musings Upon the Nature of Open Source Hardware as a Business at the end of his project visit summary at Factor e Farm.
Roja did fail [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://ronja.twibright.com/">Ronja</a>, the optical data link device, is often cited as a failed open source hardware project &#8212; the last one mentioning it I just read is Lawrence Kincheloe&#8217;s <em>excellent</em> essay <a href="http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/?p=1187">Musings Upon the Nature of Open Source Hardware as a Business</a> at the end of his project visit summary at <a href="http://openfarmtech.org/index.php?title=Factor_e_Farm">Factor e Farm</a>.<br />
Roja <em>did</em> fail (in the sense that it isn&#8217;t very widespread today not in the sense of being a cool open source project). One of the research studies I know of is the presentation &#8220;<a href="http://www.oekonux-conference.org/program/events/22.en.html">Ronja &#8212; Darknet of Lights</a>&#8221; by Johan <a href="http://www.oekonux-conference.org/program/speakers/33.en.html">S&#246;derberg</a> at the <a href="http://www.oekonux-conference.org/">4th Oekonux conference</a> for which <a href="http://www.oekonux-conference.org/documentation/croome/Soederberg.mp3">Audio</a> is available. The study is very interesting although I don&#8217;t agree with the conclusions. So why did Ronja &#8220;fail&#8221;?<br />
Ronja&#8217;s main application was cheap internet access. At the time of its design in 2001 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN">wireless LAN</a> (Wifi) wasn&#8217;t yet available cheaply. And in the Czech Republic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line">DSL</a> wasn&#8217;t available at the time.<br />
Now consider the technical characteristics of Ronja:
<ul class="simple">
<li>Up to 10MBit/s</li>
<li>Up to 1.4 km range</li>
<li>Light: Doesn&#8217;t work in fog, or other bad weather (snow)</li>
<li>Light: Hard to get the beam to the destination (direction)</li>
<li>Light: Interference with daylight</li>
<li>For full-duplex communication we need two (receiver + transmitter) devices</li>
<li>sold for around 700$ at the time (the LED alone cost 120$ you get these for .75$ now)</li>
<li>needed &#8220;a hell of a lot of time to build one&#8221; according to <a href="http://www.oekonux-conference.org/program/speakers/33.en.html">S&#246;derberg</a></li>
</ul>
<p>And compare these with WLAN:
<ul class="simple">
<li>Up to 54MBit/s</li>
<li>With good antennas several km range (I&#8217;ve built a link with 5.5km)</li>
<li>Antennas are cheap and can even be built at home, e.g., a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantenna">Cantenna</a> &#8212; you can build a cantenna in an evening</li>
<li>Works in fog and bad weather</li>
<li>we need only one antenna at sender and one at receiver</li>
<li>WLAN is <em>very</em> cheap nowadays, it became available (with new frequencies) in 2005 in cz.</li>
</ul>
<p>So I think that Ronja &#8220;failed&#8221; because it was replaced by something better and cheaper that was readily available. It isn&#8217;t an example of a failed open source business model for hardware and shouldn&#8217;t be used as an example. This doesn&#8217;t mean that we already know how a business model for open source hardware should look like, though.<br />
The idea behind Ronja &#8212; according to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RONJA">Wikipedia article on Ronja</a> &#8220;User Controlled Technology&#8221; is (mostly) achieved with WLAN technology today: We can use cheap devices and modify them (using open source firmware and homegrown antennas) to suit our needs. And there are large wireless communities now like <a href="http://funkfeuer.at/">Funkfeuer</a> in Vienna who do their own Internet communication.</p>
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		<title>(cc)alpsSalon: open everything</title>
		<link>http://blog.runtux.com/2009/09/11/122/</link>
		<comments>http://blog.runtux.com/2009/09/11/122/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Sep 2009 08:37:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ralf Schlatterbeck</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[deutsch]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[english]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[licensing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[neu]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[open hardware]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.runtux.com/?p=122</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Update 2009-09-14: Marcin from open source ecology has the video online which we showed at the event &#8212; Marcin von open source ecology hat das Video, das wir auf der Veranstaltung gezeicht haben online (video in enlish only).
Heute abend bin ich mit am Podium im Creative Commons CCalps Salon im Rahmen des Paraflows Festival zum [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Update 2009-09-14: Marcin from open source ecology has the <a href="http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/?p=1071">video online</a> which we showed at the event &#8212; Marcin von open source ecology hat das <a href="http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/?p=1071">Video</a>, das wir auf der Veranstaltung gezeicht haben online (video in enlish only).</p>
<p>Heute abend bin ich mit am Podium im <a href="http://www.creativecommons.at/Members/ben/ccalpssalon/CCalps%20Salon%20Text_long">Creative Commons CCalps Salon</a> im Rahmen des <a href="http://www.paraflows.at/index.php?id=128">Paraflows Festival</a> zum Thema <a href="http://creativecommons.at/salon/everything">Open Everything</a>. Ich werde auf die jetzt stattfindende Anwendung der Open Source Prinzipien die wir von der Software kennen auf andere Bereiche (Open Hardware Design) eingehen. Die Veranstaltung wird vermutlich in Englisch gef&#252;hrt, da Michel Bauwens, der Gr&#252;nder der <a href="http://p2pfoundation.net/The_Foundation_for_P2P_Alternatives">P2P Foundation</a> dort sein wird.<br />
This evening I&#8217;ll participate at the <a href="http://www.creativecommons.at/Members/ben/ccalpssalon/CCalps%20Salon%20Text_long">Creative Commons CCalps Salon</a> an event in the context of the <a href="http://www.paraflows.at/index.php?id=128">Paraflows Festival</a> with the topic <a href="http://creativecommons.at/salon/everything">Open Everything</a>. I&#8217;ll talk about applying the principles of Open Source we know from software development to other areas (like Open Hardware design). The event will probably be in english since Michel Bauwens, founder of the <a href="http://p2pfoundation.net/The_Foundation_for_P2P_Alternatives">P2P Foundation</a> will be there.</p>
<p>Zitat aus der <a href="http://www.paraflows.at/index.php?id=128">Ank&#252;ndigung</a> (only in german, sorry):</p>
<p>Nur wenige Menschen sind in der Lage die Frage &quot;Was ist open everything eigentlich?&quot; auf befriedigende Weise zu beantworten, der &#220;berblick, der durch die mind map pr&#228;sentiert wird, bildet die Basis f&#252;r die eigentliche Erkl&#228;rung. Daher hat der (cc)alpsSalon MICHEL BAUWENS eingeladen, diese Frage zu beantworten und einen &#220;berblick &#252;ber vergangene und gegenw&#228;rtige Entwicklungen in Zusammenhang mit dieser Idee zu geben und die Potentiale aufzuzeigen die f&#252;r jeden gegeben sind, der/die offene Materialien, Quellen, Designs &#8211; einfach alles &#8211; anbietet und n&#252;tzt.<br />
Eine der beeindruckendsten Ausf&#252;hrungen dieses Ethos ist <a href="http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/">open source ecology (OSE)</a>, ein Projekt, das darauf abzielt eine open source Gemeinschaft zu schaffen, die sich auf Nachhaltigkeit, &#246;kologische Verantwortung und die Freiheit des Individuums gr&#252;ndet. FRANZ NAHRADA wird diese innovative Idee genauer darstellen und wird dabei zeigen, wie das Konzept des open everything in Gemeinschaften realisiert werden kann, die willens sind Offenheit tagt&#228;glich zu leben.<br />
Gesellschaft wird durch viele Faktoren beeinflusst, Kultur und Technologie sind zwei der entscheidendsten. Die technische Seite von open everything bildet die Basis f&#252;r eine Kultur der &quot;Macher&quot;, die einen Wechsel von Massenproduktion hin zu selbst gemachten oder selbst entworfenen Produkten kennzeichnet. Diese do it yourself (DIY) Kultur ist abh&#228;ngig von den Verbesserungen, die durch das Teilen von Erfahrungen und Ideen entstehen. RALF SCHLATTERBECK zeigt uns, wie diese Gemeinschaft funktioniert und wie sie vom Ethos des open everything profitiert.<br />
<a href="http://www.paraflows.at/index.php?id=136">Wann/when</a>: 2009-09-11 19:30 Wo/where: <a href="http://qdk.blogsome.com/">Quartier f&#252;r digitale Kultur</a>, Quartier 21, Museumsquartier, Museumsplatz 1, 1070 Wien</p>
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		<title>Cloud computing, Vendor Lock-In and the Future</title>
		<link>http://blog.runtux.com/2009/08/04/106/</link>
		<comments>http://blog.runtux.com/2009/08/04/106/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 04 Aug 2009 22:20:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ralf Schlatterbeck</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[documentation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[english]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[licensing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[money]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[security]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.runtux.com/?p=106</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Cloud Computing is becoming increasingly popular &#8212; and it is a danger to your freedom. But we can do something about it.
First, when the term Cloud Computing was introduced, it meant a set of low-level services like virtual machines, databases and file storage. Examples of these are Amazon Elastic Computing Cloud and related services. Since [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing">Cloud Computing</a> is becoming increasingly popular &#8212; and it is a danger to your freedom. But we can do something about it.<br />
First, when the term Cloud Computing was introduced, it meant a set of low-level services like virtual machines, databases and file storage. Examples of these are <a href="http://aws.amazon.com/ec2/">Amazon Elastic Computing Cloud</a> and related services. Since these services are quite low-level, they can be replicated by others, an example is the <a href="http://open.eucalyptus.com/">Eucalyptus</a> project.<br />
This means if you aren&#8217;t satisfied with the service one cloud computing provider offers, you either can change the provider or &#8212; e.g., using <a href="http://open.eucalyptus.com/">Eucalyptus</a> &#8212; roll your own.<br />
But increasingly cloud-computing is a relaunch of the old <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service">Software as a Service</a> paradigm under a new name. This means that <em>applications</em> like Textprocessing, Spreadsheets, Wiki, Blog, Voice and Video over IP, collaboration software in general is made available as so-called &#8220;Web 2.0&#8243; applications &#8212; now called &#8220;Cloud Applications&#8221; on the web.<br />
When using these services, there is a severe risk of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendor_lock-in">Vendor Lock-In</a> &#8212; since the applications may not be available elsewhere, you cannot easily switch the provider. Worse: From some of the Web 2.0 Services like social networks (e.g., Xing, LinkedIn, Facebook) you can&#8217;t retrieve your own data. Xing for example has a &#8220;mobile export&#8221; for data, but this works only for paying customers and only exports address data.<br />
And people have started to realize &#8212; e.g., in this <a href="http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=5145637860">facebook group</a> &#8212; that multiple incompatible applications &#8212; escpecially in the social network sector &#8212; puts a large burdon on customers to update multiple personal profiles on multiple sites.<br />
But although it has been noted by the Free Software and Open Source community (e.g., in an <a href="http://broadcast.oreilly.com/2009/04/stallman-discusses-free-softwa.html">interview with Richard Stallman</a> and by <a href="http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=932">Eric S. Raymond in his blog</a>) it has not been widely recognized that cloud computing or software as a service &#8212; in particular in the form called &#8220;Web 2.0&#8243; &#8212; creates a vendor lock-in worse than for proprietary software.<br />
For your social networks this may mean that when you retrieve your data (remember, <em>you</em> helped them build that data!), the social network may throw you out as it happened <a href="http://blogs.sun.com/bblfish/entry/scoble_gets_thrown_off_facebook">in that case mentioned by Henry Story</a> and <a href="http://blogs.sun.com/bblfish/entry/data_portability_scoble_explains">later updated here</a>.<br />
The solution to this problem? Don&#8217;t get trapped in a data silo. This may still mean that there can be software as a service offerings. But the software needs to be free (as in free speech). So we can still switch to another provider or decide to host our own service.<br />
But companies won&#8217;t do it for us. As Doc Searls notes in <a href="http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/doc/2009/05/01/silos-end/">Silos End</a>: &#8220;These problems cannot be solved by the companies themselves. Companies make silos. It&#8217;s as simple as that. Left to their own devices, that&#8217;s what they do. Over and over and over again.&#8221;<br />
So this can only change if customers make and demand the change. A good rule-of-thumb for software as a service is on the page of the Open Cloud Initiative in the article <a href="http://www.opencloudinitiative.org/node/27">The four degrees of cloud computing openness</a>. While being a customer of a closed/proprietary cloud with &#8220;no access&#8221; is clearly a bad idea, open <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface">APIs</a> and formats don&#8217;t work too well &#8212; you don&#8217;t have the software to work with your data. So the only valid options that remain are Open <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface">APIs</a>, Open Formats <em>and</em> Open Source, and in some cases Open Data.<br />
Still most web applications &#8212; like most social network software &#8212; are of the completely closed type. There are no open formats and no open <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface">APIs</a>. So check your dependencies: What web-applications are you depending on and what is their degree of cloud computing openness?<br />
A word on the license to guarantee openness in cloud-computing. As mentioned in the above-cited <a href="http://broadcast.oreilly.com/2009/04/stallman-discusses-free-softwa.html">interview with Richard Stallman</a>, the <a href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a> is <em>not</em> enough to keep software in a cloud open. The cloud provider could take the software, make own modifications (which you will depend upon) and <em>not</em> release the modified software to you as a customer. Again you have a vendor lock-in. To prevent this, the <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl.html">GNU Affero General Public License</a> has been designed that prevents closed-source modifications to hosted applications.<br />
Finally, for all sorts of social software &#8212; not just social network software but everything that creates more value for more people, usually by linking information &#8212; should follow a distributed peer-to-peer approach. We don&#8217;t want this data to be a siloed application hosted by a single company. And if there are multiple companies hosting the data we already see the problem with multiple social network providers.<br />
So we need standards and distributed protocols. And the implementation should follow a peer-to-peer approach &#8212; like seen in filesharing applications today &#8212; to make it resilient to failure and/or take-down orders of hostile bodies (like, e.g., some governments). Lets call this &#8220;Web 3.0&#8243;.<br />
Examples of such social software are of course the social network sector. We already have a distributed protocol for social networking based on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOAF_(software)">Friend of a Friend</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web">Semantic Web</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(computer_science)">Ontology</a>. With this approach everyone can publish his social networking data and still be in control of who can see what. And the data is under user-control, so it&#8217;s possible to remove something.<br />
Another example of social software is probably Money (in the sense of micro- or macro payments in the net). Thomas Greco in the book <a href="http://beyondmoney.net/the-end-of-money-and-the-future-of-civilization/">The End of Money and the Future of Civilization</a> asks for separation of money and the state. A future implementation of money may well be based on a peer-to-peer social software implementation.<br />
These social software needs security solutions. We want to model trust-relationships. Parts of the puzzle are probably <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID">OpenID</a> and a newly-proposed scheme by Henry Story called <a href="http://blogs.sun.com/bblfish/entry/more_on_authorization_in_foaf">FOAF+SSL</a> mainly used for social networking 3.0 but probably very useful for other social software solutions.<br />
So lets work on solutions for the future.</p>
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		<slash:comments>6</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Warum ich nicht mit Skype telefoniere</title>
		<link>http://blog.runtux.com/2009/05/28/98/</link>
		<comments>http://blog.runtux.com/2009/05/28/98/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2009 08:24:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ralf Schlatterbeck</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[asterisk]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[deutsch]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[licensing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[skurril]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[skype]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.runtux.com/?p=98</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Nachdem ich immer mal wieder gefragt werde, was meine Skype-ID sei, hier meine Gründe, warum ich Skype nicht verwende:
Die Firma Skype hat fr&#252;her Peer-to-Peer Filesharing-Software hergestellt (mit dem Namen &#34;KaZaA&#34;), Filesharing-Programme dienen zum Tauschen von Musik und anderen elektronischen Inhalten. Diese Software hat nachgewiesenermassen sogenannte &#8220;Spyware&#8221; enthalten (vgl. auch diverse Tips, wie man diese ausschalten [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Nachdem ich immer mal wieder gefragt werde, was meine Skype-ID sei, hier meine Gründe, warum ich Skype nicht verwende:</p>
<p>Die Firma Skype hat fr&#252;her Peer-to-Peer Filesharing-Software hergestellt (mit dem Namen <a href="http://www.voip-info.org/tiki-index.php?page=Skype">&quot;KaZaA&quot;</a>), Filesharing-Programme dienen zum Tauschen von Musik und anderen elektronischen Inhalten. Diese Software hat nachgewiesenermassen sogenannte <a href="http://www.zdnet.de/news/security/0,39023046,39128156,00.htm">&#8220;Spyware&#8221; enthalten</a> (vgl. auch diverse Tips, wie man diese <a href="http://www.mpex.net/news/archiv/00392.html">ausschalten k&#246;nnen soll</a>). Unter <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyware">Spyware</a> verstehen wir Programme, die unbemerkt vom Eigent&#252;mer eines Rechners diesen Rechner ausspioniert und die ausspionierten Daten via Internet an den Programmierer der Spyware schickt. Zu den ausspionierten Daten z&#228;hlen Statistiken &#252;ber das Besuchen von Websites bis zu Passw&#246;rtern. Was genau die von der KaZaA Spyware ausspionierten Daten sind entzieht sich meiner Kenntnis. Ich vertraue solchen Leuten meine Telefongespr&#228;che nicht an.</p>
<p>Es gibt eine unabh&#228;ngige Analysen von Skype <a href="http://www.simson.net/ref/2005/OSI_Skype6.pdf">2005</a> und <a href="http://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-europe-06/bh-eu-06-biondi/bh-eu-06-biondi-up.pdf">2006</a>, nach der in der analysierten Skype-Version keine Hinweise auf Spyware gefunden wurden. Das kannn sich inzwischen ge&#228;ndert haben und diese Analyse sagt nichts &#252;ber die Sicherheit von Skype aus:</p>
<p>Skype (und vorher schon KaZaA) enthalten Mechanismen, um automatisch neue Software-Versionen (teilweise ohne Wissen oder sogar Zustimmung des Benutzers) zu installieren. In einer solchen neuen Version k&#246;nnte Spyware enthalten sein &#8212; oder auch nur eine Software-Fehler der vorher nicht enthalten war. Damit ist man den Herstellern der Software ausgeliefert, da es unter der Kontrolle von Skype ist, was in neuen Versionen enthalten sein wird. Man k&#246;nnte auch sagen: Nach Installation von Skype geh&#246;rt Dir Dein Computer nicht mehr.</p>
<p>Dann wird immer wieder behauptet, die Kommunikation mit Skype sei verschl&#252;sselt. Das mag ja stimmen. Der Grund ist aber wohl nicht die Privatsph&#228;re des Nutzers, sondern die Absicht, zu verhindern, dass andere Software schreiben, die das Skype-Protokoll spricht. Denn was n&#252;tzt mir die Verschl&#252;sselung wenn ich nicht weiss, wer den Schl&#252;ssel besitzt? Der Benutzer von Skype besitzt den Schl&#252;ssel jedenfalls nicht.</p>
<p>Zum Abh&#246;ren hat Kurt Sauer, Leiter der Sicherheitsabteilung von Skype, auf die durch ZDNet gestellte Frage, ob Skype die Gespr&#228;che abh&#246;ren k&#246;nne, ausweichend geantwortet: &quot;Wir stellen eine sichere Kommunikationsm&#246;glichkeit zur Verf&#252;gung. Ich werde Ihnen nicht sagen, ob wir dabei zuh&#246;ren k&#246;nnen oder nicht.&quot; (vgl. den Artikel in der <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skype#Kritik">deutschen Wikipedia</a> dazu bzw. direkt das <a href="http://www.zdnet.de/mobiles_internet_drahtloses_arbeiten_telefonieren_uebers_internet_wie_sicher_ist_skype_wirklich_story-39001620-39151472-1.htm">ZDNET-Interview</a>.</p>
<p>Hinzu kommt, dass sich Skype an keinerlei etablierte Standards im Bereich der Sprachkommunikation &#252;ber Internet-Protokolle h&#228;lt, ja wie Skype genau funktioniert ist nicht offengelegt, es kann also keine andere Firma derzeit Programme bauen, die mit Skype-Software zusammen funktioniert. Solche &quot;Closed Source&quot; Programme f&#246;rdern Monopolstellungen und sind &#8212; &#228;hnlich wie z.B. Monopolstellungen im Bereich von Nahrungsmitteln wie Genmais von Monsanto &#8212; mit erh&#246;hter Wachsamkeit zur Kenntnis zu nehmen. Die etablierten Standards im Bereich der Sprachkommunikation stehen Punkto Sprachqualit&#228;t u.a. Skype in nichts nach.</p>
<p>Skype hat &#8212; aus seiner Peer-to-Peer Vergangenheit &#8212; Mechanismen um durch <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall">Firewalls</a> zu &quot;tunneln&quot;. Diese Techniken, auch als &quot;Firewall Piercing&quot; bekannt, sind f&#252;r die Sicherheit einer Firma gef&#228;hrlich, oder wie humorvoll von einem Kollegen formuliert: <a href="http://www.luga.at/mailing-lists/luga/2005/11/msg00107.html">&quot;Firewall Piercings k&#246;nnen sich entz&#252;nden und eitern&quot;</a>.</p>
<p>Es gibt etablierte Standards zur Sprachkommunikation wie z.B. SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) f&#252;r den Verbindungsaufbau. Es gibt <a href="http://www.runtux.com/oss.html">Open Source</a> Implementierungen f&#252;r &quot;Softphones&quot;, das sind &#8212; &#228;hnlich wie Skype &#8212; Programme mit welchen &#252;ber einen Computer telefoniert werden kann. Ein Beispiel ist <a href="http://www.qutecom.org/">Qutecom</a> (fr&#252;her &quot;Wengo Phone&quot;), eine Suche nach &quot;Softphone&quot; in Google sollte noch einige andere zutage f&#246;rdern. Es gibt nat&#252;rlich auch kommerzielle Anbieter solcher Programme (teilweise als Closed Source), der Knackpunkt liegt in einem gemeinsamen Protokoll bei dem alle mitmachen k&#246;nnen. Es gibt inzwischen auch &quot;Hard&quot; phones, also ein Ding was wie ein Telefon aussieht, aber hinten einen Ethernet-Anschluss hat und SIP spricht. Sehr preiswert ist das <a href="http://www.grandstream.com/faqsbudgetone.html">Budgetone von Grandstream</a>, ein weiterer Anbieter ist z.B. <a href="http://snom.com/">Snom</a> und Cisco hat einige kleinere Anbieter wie Sipura gekauft.</p>
<p>Ich habe selbst keine grosse Erfahrungen mit solchen Softphones auf Windows oder MAC Plattformen. F&#252;r Erfahrungsberichte bin ich dankbar.</p>
<p>Dann gibt es Anbieter, die Vermittlungst&#228;tigkeiten f&#252;r solche Softphones anbieten. Ein Beispiel ist  <a href="http://www.sipgate.de/user/index.php">sipgate</a>, andere finden sich auf  <a href="http://www.voip-info.org/wiki-VOIP+Service+Providers">voip-info.org</a>. Man meldet sich dort an, kann gratis mit anderen Softphones &#252;ber das Internet telefonieren, bekommt bei einigen Anbietern sogar kostenlos eine Telefonnummer &#252;ber die man vom Festnetz aus angerufen werden kann. Das &quot;Businessmodell&quot; dieser Anbieter sind Anrufe vom Internet ins Festnetz. Die kosten dann etwas, sind aber immer noch deutlich g&#252;nstiger als z.B. die Telekom in Deutschland oder Österreich.</p>
<p>Ein weiterer SIP-Dienst ist <a href="http://ekiga.net">ekiga.net</a> vom Team des gleichnamigen Open Source Soft-Phones <a href="http://ekiga.org">Ekiga</a>, ich bin dort z.B. als <a href="rsc@ekiga.net">rsc@ekiga.net</a> erreichbar.</p>
<p>Ausserdem ist ein &#246;ffentlicher Verzeichnisdienst <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enum">ENUM</a> im Aufbau, wo man seine eigene Telefonnummer weiterverwenden kann. Damit wird es in Zukunft m&#246;glich sein, einfach eine Telefonnummer einzugeben und &#252;ber das Internet den gew&#252;nschten Teilnehmer zu erreichen.</p>
<p>Inzwischen gibt es auch eine Open Source Telefonanlage, <a href="http://www.asterisk.org/">Asterisk</a>. Asterisk kann sowohl ans Festnetz (ISDN aber auch eine analoge Leitung) angeschlossen werden, als auch an Internet-Telefonie mit verschiedenen Standards (SIP, IAX, H323) teilnehmen. Die Telefon-Software l&#228;uft auf einem ganz normalen handels&#252;blichen PC &#8212; Modelle mit niedrigem Stromverbrauch sind zu empfehlen, da ja eine Telefonanlage Tag und Nacht in Betrieb sein soll. Asterisk &quot;spricht&quot; bereits heute ENUM. Ausserdem kann man &#252;ber Einsteckkarten ganz normale &quot;analoge&quot; Telefonapparate anschliessen. Dann kann man verschiedene SIP-Anbieter gleichzeitig und einen Festnetzanschluss an der selben Telefonanlage betreiben und mit einem ganz normalen Analogtelefon, oder auch mit einem Komfort-ISDN-Telefon, einem Hard-Phone (z.B. Snom), oder einfach mit einem Softphone &#8212; telefonieren. Man kann die Telefonanlage suchen lassen, ob ein bestimmter Teilnehmer &#252;ber das Internet erreichbar ist oder nur &#252;ber das Festnetz. Der Anrufende muss nicht mal merken ob &#252;ber Festnetz oder Internet telefoniert wird.</p>
<p>Das geniale an Asterisk (und das Erfolgsrezept von vielen anderen Open Source Projekten) ist sein modularer Aufbau: F&#252;r verschiedene anzuschliessende Ger&#228;te oder Protokolle kann man einen &quot;Channel Treiber&quot; schreiben und Asterisk kann danach mit einem neuen Ger&#228;t kommunizieren. So kann ein Spezialist f&#252;r ein bestimmtes Ger&#228;t oder Protokoll einen neuen Ger&#228;tetreiber beitragen.</p>
<p>Man kann Asterisk-Telefonanlagen miteinander vernetzen &#8212; auch &#252;ber eine verschl&#252;sselte Verbindung &#252;ber das Internet, ein sogenanntes <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Private_Network">&quot;Virtual Private Network&quot;</a> (VPN). Dann kann man telefonieren ohne dass Dritte die Verbindung abh&#246;ren k&#246;nnen &#8212; eine solche Installation setzt allerdings Absprachen zwischen den Betreibern der zu vernetzenden Telefonanlagen voraus.</p>
<p>Neuere Techniken erlauben, vorhandene SIP-Infrastruktur zu benutzen und trotzdem ohne vorherige Absprache verschlüsselt zu telefonieren. Der Schlüssel wird dabei direkt zwischen den beiden Teilnehmern ausgehandelt. <a href="http://zfoneproject.com/">Philip Zimmermann</a>, der Autor von PGP, hat dafür den Standard <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-zimmermann-avt-zrtp-15">ZRTP</a> vorgeschlagen, der inzwischen bei der Internet Engineering Task-Force (dem Gremium das Internet-Standards macht) zur Standardisierung eingereicht ist.</p>
<p>Ich selbst verwende Asterisk seit einigen Jahren statt meiner alten ISDN-Telefonanlage.</p>
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		<title>Open Source Document Licensing</title>
		<link>http://blog.runtux.com/2009/03/19/67/</link>
		<comments>http://blog.runtux.com/2009/03/19/67/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 19 Mar 2009 13:05:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ralf Schlatterbeck</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[documentation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[english]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[licensing]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.runtux.com/?p=67</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I&#8217;m currently preparing a technical college lecture. The slides for the lecture should become open source. To reduce my overhead I want to use existing source (mainly pictures) from wikipedia.
Open source licensing should really make it easier to re-use material in other open source projects. As far as I can tell the current mess with [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I&#8217;m currently preparing a technical college lecture. The slides for the lecture should become open source. To reduce my overhead I want to use existing source (mainly pictures) from wikipedia.</p>
<p>Open source licensing should really make it <em>easier</em> to re-use material in other open source projects. As far as I can tell the current mess with different documentation licenses does not achieve that goal.</p>
<p>Sad fact: To understand what is possible with the current licensing is nearly as time-consuming as re-creating the material from scratch. So I&#8217;ve chosen to document what I&#8217;ve learned here, so others may have a faster learning curve and can contribute their experience.</p>
<p>In addition I hope for comments from people involved in the licensing jungle to comment on my views here.</p>
<p>Typically wikipedia pictures come in three license variants, see the <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights">Wikipedia Copyrights</a> page, the german version <a class="reference external" href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Lizenzbestimmungen">Wikipedia Lizenzbestimmungen</a> has specific sections on picture use:
<ul class="simple">
<li>Public domain. These can be used without restrictions.</li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html">Gnu Free Documentation License</a> (GFDL)</li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/">Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike</a> (CC-BY-SA), typically version 2.5 is used by Wikipedia pictures</li>
</ul>
<p>Some pictures are dual-licensed under GFDL and CC-BY-SA.</p>
<p>Since the GFDL typically is used with a version-upgrade clause, e.g., &quot;Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation&quot;, upgrade to a later version of the license by the <em>user</em> is possible. This is typically <em>not</em> the case with CC-BY-SA.</p>
<p>I&#8217;ve decided that CC-BY-SA version 3.0 best fits my license requirements. The GFDL with its front-cover, back-cover and invariant sections is too complicated and CC-BY-SA is much clearer concerning reuse and remix of the material.</p>
<p>One problem I&#8217;m having is that when &quot;performing&quot; my slides (thats the term CC-BY-SA is using for e.g. using the slides in a presentation) I want to use either my company logo or I&#8217;m forced to use the logo of the teaching institution I&#8217;m working for. So I&#8217;ve come up with the following addition to the pointer of the licensing terms:</p>
<blockquote><p>
When performing this work (e.g. teaching using these slides) you may use your company and/or teaching institution logo in the header of each slide <em>without</em> putting the logo under the license above. When distributing derived works, make sure you distribute the document <em>without</em> the company or teaching institution logo.</p></blockquote>
<p>So I&#8217;m specifically allowing to use a logo in the header of each slide when performing. I hope this <em>is</em> compatible with the CC licensing terms.</p>
<p>The next problem I&#8217;m facing is reuse of pictures. Pictures licensed under a CC-BY-SA license (also earlier than 2.5) shouldn&#8217;t pose a problem, because CC-BY-SA explicitly distinguishes <em>derivative work</em> and <em>collective work</em>. Collective work is defined as (cited from version 2.5 of CC-BY-SA as that is the relevant version for most pictures on Wikipedia):</p>
<blockquote><p>
&quot;Collective Work&quot; means a work, such as a periodical issue, anthology or encyclopedia, in which the Work in its entirety in unmodified form, along with a number of other contributions, constituting separate and independent works in themselves, are assembled into a collective whole. A work that constitutes a Collective Work will not be considered a Derivative Work (as defined below) for the purposes of this License.</p></blockquote>
<p>So I guess my use of the unmodified pictures in slides is collective work not derivative work. That means I can use CC-BY-SA pictures from wikipedia in a CC-BY-SA document that uses these pictures similar to the usage of pictures in Wikipedia articles, even if the version of the CC-BY-SA license is not the same.</p>
<p>The question if I can use pictures licensed unter GFDL in my slides licensed under CC-BY-SA is still not fully clear for me. Since the pictures typically contain the license-version upgrade clause mentioned above, I could use version 1.3 of the GFDL that includes permission to relicense the work under the CC-BY-SA license under specific circumstances &#8212; but my interpretation of that clause allows this only for Wikipedia, not for me as a user of the content on Wikipedia.</p>
<p>Putting my work under a dual-license (CC-BY-SA + GFDL) is also not a solution because this effectively constitutes relicensing of the used content.</p>
<p>So the question remains if I can use GFDL pictures in CC-BY-SA slides and if this is permitted by the GFDL. The GFDL has one paragraph (7) on &quot;aggregation with independent works&quot;:</p>
<blockquote><p>
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an &quot;aggregate&quot; if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation&#8217;s users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works<br />
of the Document.</p></blockquote>
<p>So, hmm, are my slides a &quot;compilation with other separate and independent documents or works&quot; &#8212; probably yes. Are they in a &quot;in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium&quot;? Hard to say. My &quot;copyright resulting from the compilation [provided it is a compilation in the sense of GFDL] is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation&#8217;s users beyond what the individual works permit&quot;. So I guess I <em>can</em> use these pictures without the GFDL applying to my document (I want to use the CC-BY-SA).</p>
<p>Thats my <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_diligence">due diligence</a> investigation before using this material.</p>
<p>But I&#8217;m not a lawyer.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Die vier Grundfreiheiten der Gnu General Public License</title>
		<link>http://blog.runtux.com/2008/12/09/8/</link>
		<comments>http://blog.runtux.com/2008/12/09/8/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 09 Dec 2008 09:06:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ralf Schlatterbeck</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[deutsch]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[documentation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[licensing]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.runtux.com/2008/12/09/8/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Weil ich immer mal wieder gefragt werde, was die Hauptmerkmale von Open Source Lizenzen, insbesondere der Gnu General Public License (GPL) [Deutsche Übersetzung hier] sind, eine ganz gute (deutsche) Erklärung steht in einer Gerichtseingabe von einem Anwaltsbüro, ich gebe das hier wieder:
[Die GPL ist ein Lizenzsystem,] das den Hauptzweck verfolgt, eine möglichst große Verbreitung einer [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Weil ich immer mal wieder gefragt werde, was die Hauptmerkmale von Open Source Lizenzen, insbesondere der <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">Gnu General Public License (GPL)</a> [<a href="http://www.gnu.de/documents/gpl.de.html">Deutsche Übersetzung hier</a>] sind, eine ganz gute (deutsche) Erklärung steht in einer <a href="http://iq110.de/PDF_WINGER_ZANIER/bellendorf-winger-xt-commerce-10.03.08.pdf">Gerichtseingabe von einem Anwaltsbüro</a>, ich gebe das hier wieder:</p>
<blockquote><p>[Die GPL ist ein Lizenzsystem,] das den Hauptzweck verfolgt, eine möglichst große Verbreitung einer bestimmten Software zu ermöglichen und ausdrücklich zuzulassen, dass Veränderungen an dieser Software vorgenommen werden. Dies aus der Intention, dass sich eine Software stetig dadurch verbessert, dass sie von jedem, der Probleme der Software erkennt, optimiert werden kann.</p>
<p>Die GPL basiert auf den vier sogenannten &#8220;Grundfreiheiten&#8221; die die Basis der GPL bilden. Diese Grundfreiheiten sind Bestandteil der Lizenz.</p>
<p>Die erste Grundfreiheit gewährt dem Nutzer das Recht, das Programm ohne jede Einschränkung für jeden Zweck zu nutzen. Ausdrücklich ist hierbei auch die kommerzielle Nutzung von dem Nutzungsrecht umfasst.</p>
<p>Die zweite Grundfreiheit wiederum gewährt dem Nutzer das Recht, unter bestimmten Einschränkungen hinsichtlich des sogenannten Quellcodes [...] das Programm zu verbreiten, also kostenlos oder gegen Entgeld zu kopieren und in den Verkehr zu bringen. Nicht erlaubt ist lediglich, Lizenzgebühren für die Nutzung des Programms zu erheben.</p>
<p>Die dritte Grundfreiheit besagt, dass das Programm studiert und den eigenen Bedürfnissen angepasst werden darf.</p>
<p>Letztlich besagt die vierte Grundfreiheit, dass auch die veränderten Versionen des Programms unter den Voraussetzungen der vorgenannten Regelungen in Verkehr gebracht werden können.</p></blockquote>
<p>Die GPL ist damit eine Sicherheit für den Nutzer: Niemand &#8212; auch der ursprüngliche Hersteller der Software &#8212; kann die Nutzungsrechte einschränken. Kein &#8220;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendor_lock-in">Vendor-lock-in</a>&#8221; keine versteckten Kosten in Form von Lizenzgebühren. Sollte der ursprüngliche Anbieter für Wartung zu teuer werden, kann jederzeit der Anbieter gewechselt werden.</p>
<p>Die Software darf (sogar für kommerzielle Zwecke) auch weitergegeben werden &#8212; lediglich die Rechte, die man selbst an der Software hat, darf man dem Empfänger nicht vorenthalten.</p>
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